Genetic Screening to Identify Candidate Resistance Alleles to Cry1F Corn in Fall Armyworm Using Targeted Sequencing.

Evolution of practical resistance is the main threat to the sustainability of transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from (Bt crops). Monitoring of resistance to Cry and Vip3A proteins produced by Bt crops is critical to mitigate the development of resistance. Currently, Cry/Vip3A resistance allele monitoring is based on bioassays with larvae from inbreeding field-collected moths. As an alternative, DNA-based monitoring tools should increase sensitivity and reduce overall costs compared to bioassay-based screening methods. Here, we evaluated targeted sequencing as a method allowing detection of known and novel candidate resistance alleles to Cry proteins. As a model, we sequenced a Cry1F receptor gene () in fall armyworm () moths from Puerto Rico, a location reporting continued practical field resistance to Cry1F-producing corn. Targeted sequencing detected a previously reported Cry1F resistance allele (), in addition to a resistance allele originally described in populations from Brazil. Moreover, targeted sequencing detected mutations in as novel candidate resistance alleles. These results support further development of targeted sequencing for monitoring resistance to Bt crops and provide unexpected evidence for common resistance alleles in from Brazil and Puerto Rico.