Stage-dependent actions of antimüllerian hormone in regulating granulosa cell proliferation and follicular function in the primate ovary.

Objective: To study the direct action and physiological role of antimüllerian hormone (AMH) in regulating ovarian follicular development and function in vivo in primates.

Design: Animals were assigned to six treatment sequences in a crossover design study. Intraovarian infusion was performed during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle with agents including: control vehicle; recombinant human AMH (rhAMH); and neutralizing anti-human AMH antibody (AMHAb). Before ovariectomy after the final treatment, the animals received intravenous injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU).

Setting: National primate research center.

Animals: Adult female rhesus macaques ().

Interventions: None.

Main Outcome Measures: Cycle length, follicle cohorts, and serum steroid levels were assessed. Ovarian histology, as well as granulosa cell (GC) proliferation and oocyte viability, were evaluated.

Results: In vehicle-infused ovaries, a dominant follicle was observed at midcycle E peak. However, rhAMH-treated ovaries exhibited an increased number of small antral follicles, whereas AMHAb-treated ovaries developed multiple large antral follicles. Serum E levels in the follicular phase decreased after rhAMH infusion and increased after AMHAb infusion. The rhAMH infusion increased serum T levels. Whereas early-growing follicles of rhAMH-treated ovaries contained BrdU-positive GCs, antral follicles containing BrdU-positive GCs were identified in AMHAb-treated ovaries. Autophagy was observed in oocytes of early-growing and antral follicles exposed to AMHAb and rhAMH, respectively.

Conclusions: AMH enhanced early-stage follicle growth, but prevented antral follicle development and function via its stage-dependent regulation of GC proliferation and oocyte viability. This study provides information relevant to the pathophysiology of ovarian dysfunction and the treatment of infertility.