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λ-cyhalothrin induced sex-specific inflammation, glia activation and GABAergic interneuron disruption in the hippocampus of rats.
BMC Pharmacol Toxicol
January 2025
Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 240003, Nigeria.
Background: Glia mediated neuroinflammation and degeneration of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons are some of the hall marks of pyrethroid neurotoxicity. Here we investigated the sex specific responses of inflammatory cytokines, microglia, astrocyte and parvalbumin positive inhibitory GABAergic interneurons to λ-cyhalothrin (LCT) exposures in rats.
Methods: Equal numbers of male and female rats were given oral corn oil, 2 mg/kg.
Are medical school preclinical tests biased for sex and race? A differential item functioning analysis.
BMC Med Educ
January 2025
University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Mayo Building, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
Background: A common practice in assessment development, fundamental for fairness and consequently the validity of test score interpretations and uses, is to ascertain whether test items function equally across test-taker groups. Accordingly, we conducted differential item functioning (DIF) analysis, a psychometric procedure for detecting potential item bias, for three preclinical medical school foundational courses based on students' sex and race.
Methods: The sample included 520, 519, and 344 medical students for anatomy, histology, and physiology, respectively, collected from 2018 to 2020.
Visual hermeneutics as a tool to introduce empathy and core physician attributes in doctor-patient relationship for first-year medical undergraduate students.
BMC Med Educ
January 2025
Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
Background: The doctor-patient relationship is essential for effective patient care, yet medical education often neglects to nurture the quality such as empathy during the initial years of training. Doctor-patient relationship is one of the modules taught in first year as part of mandatory AETCOM (Attitude, Ethics, and Communication) course in the undergraduate Indian medical curriculum. Hermeneutics, a method of interpretation, can play a vital role in introducing observational and reflective thinking skills.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe multifunctionality of the brainstem breathing control circuit.
Curr Opin Neurobiol
January 2025
Department of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Subconscious breathing is generated by a network of brainstem nodes with varying purposes, like pacing breathing or patterning a certain breath phase. Decades of anatomy, pharmacology, and physiology studies have identified and characterized the system's fundamental properties that produce robust breathing, and we now have well-conceived computational models of breathing that are based on the detailed descriptions of neuronal connectivity, biophysical properties, and functions in breathing. In total, we have a considerable understanding of the brainstem breathing control circuit.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTooth replacement of the filter-feeding pterosaur Forfexopterus and its implications for ecological adaptation.
An Acad Bras Cienc
January 2025
Shandong University of Science and Technology, College of Earth Science and Engineering, 579, Qianwangang Road, Huangdao, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266590, China.
A "comb-dentition", characterized by long, needle-like, and closely-spaced teeth, is found in the ctenochasmatid pterosaurs as an adaptation for filter-feeding. However, little is known about their tooth replacement pattern, hindering our understanding of the development of the filter-feeding apparatus of the clade. Here, we describe the tooth replacement of the pterosaur Forfexopterus from the Jehol Biota based on high-resolution X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) reconstruction.
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