In Spain, regional health systems (universal access) depend on each Autonomous Communities (ACs). The management of the 2008 economic crisis has been different in the ACs, which may have led to an increase in inequities in the use of health services. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of individual and regional characteristics on public hospitalisation inequities in Spain for the period 2003-2017. We developed a repeated cross-sectional study through Spanish National Health Surveys (2003, 2006, 2011 and 2017) and the Spanish European Health Survey (2014; n = 118,499 subjects). Multilevel and Oaxaca decomposition analyses were conducted to analyse the effect of individual and regional factors in hospitalisation inequities. The results showed that the prevalence of hospitalisation was higher for women (2003: 11.2%; 2017: 9.0%) than for men (2003: 10.7%; 2017: 8.8%) and it decreased with time. Multilevel analyses showed that, after adjustment for variables related to healthcare demand, there were inequities in the probability of hospitalisation, mainly in women. The decomposition analyses showed a higher effect of the number of hospital beds available on hospitalisation in men than in women. There is a direct relationship between the number of hospital beds and the probability of hospitalisation in both sexes. In conclusion, a progressive decrease in hospitalisation use was observed in Spain in the context of the economic recession. Individual-level and regional-level factors were associated with hospitalisation inequities. It is necessary to guarantee equitable access to health services according to the need even in recession times.
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