Intra-operative forecasting of growth modulation spine surgery outcomes with spatio-temporal dynamic networks.

Purpose: In adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), non-invasive surgical techniques such as anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT) enable to treat patients with mild and severe degrees of deformity while maintaining lower lumbar motion by avoiding spinal fusion. However, multiple features and characteristics affect the overall patient outcome, notably the 3D spine geometry and bone maturity, but also from decisions taken intra-operatively such as the selected tethered vertebral levels, which makes it difficult to anticipate the patient response.

Methods: We propose here a forecasting method which can be used during AVBT surgery, exploiting the spatio-temporal features extracted from a dynamic networks. The model learns the corrective effect from the spine's different segments while taking under account the time differences in the initial diagnosis and between the serial acquisitions taken before and during surgery. Clinical parameters are integrated through an attention-based decoder, allowing to associate geometrical features to patient status. Long-term relationships allow to ensure regularity in geometrical curve prediction, using a manifold-based smoothness term to regularize geometrical outputs, capturing the temporal variations of spine correction.

Results: A dataset of 695 3D spine reconstructions was used to train the network, which was evaluated on a hold-out dataset of 72 scoliosis patients using the baseline 3D reconstruction obtained prior to surgery, yielding an overall reconstruction error of [Formula: see text]mm based on pre-identified landmarks on vertebral bodies. The model was also tested prospectively on a separate cohort of 15 AIS patients, demonstrating the integration within the OR theatre.

Conclusion: The proposed predictive network allows to intra-operatively anticipate the geometrical response of the spine to AVBT procedures using the dynamic features.