The Use of Extracorporeal Life Support in Children With Immune-Mediated Diseases.

Objectives: To describe the use and outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support among children with immune-mediated conditions.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry.

Patients: Patients 1 month to 18 years old with International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition and International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition codes for immune-mediated conditions from 1989 to 2018.

Interventions: None.

Measurements And Main Results: During the study period, 207 patients with an immune-mediated condition received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and 50% survived to discharge. Most patients (63%) received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory support with 53% survival, 21% received cardiac support (55% survival), and 15% received extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (34% survival). The most common diagnosis among nonsurvivors was hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome with 37% survival. Patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (23%) and dermatomyositis (25%) had the lowest survival. Nonsurvivors had a higher frequency of infections, neurologic complications, and renal replacement therapy use. Use of preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation corticosteroids was associated with mortality.

Conclusions: Children with immune-mediated conditions can be successfully supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use has increased over time, and survival varies considerably by diagnosis.