Effects of advice on experienced-based learning in adolescents and adults.

Recent studies that compared effects of pre-learning advice on experience-based learning in adolescents and adults have yielded mixed results. Previous studies on this topic used choice tasks in which age-related differences in advice-related learning bias and exploratory choice behavior are difficult to dissociate. Moreover, these studies did not examine whether effects of advice depend on working memory load. In this preregistered study (in adolescents [13-15 years old] and adults [18-31 years old]), we addressed these issues by factorially combining advice and working memory load manipulations in an estimation task that does not require choices and hence eliminates the influence of known age-related differences in exploration. We found that advice guided participants' initial estimates in both age groups. When advice was correct, this improved estimation performance, especially in adolescents when working memory load was high. When advice was incorrect, it had a longer-lasting effect on adolescents' performance than on adults' performance. In contrast to previous findings in choice tasks, we found no evidence that advice biased learning in either age group. Taken together, our results suggest that learning in an estimation task improves between adolescence and adulthood but that the effects of advice on learning do not differ substantially between adolescents and adults.