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The Cold War and Phage Therapy: How Geopolitics Stalled Development of Viruses as Antibacterials.
Annu Rev Virol
September 2024
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA;
The bacteriolytic character of bacteriophages was employed as antibacterial therapy almost from the time of their discovery in 1917. In the United States, phage therapy was sporadic during the 1920s and 1930s but had dwindled into obscurity by the post-WWII period. This demise of phage therapy has traditionally been attributed to the superiority of antibiotics, discovered and first used during the war years, but this explanation is complicated by the fact that phage therapy outside the United States has had a longer and more successful life, especially in the countries of Eastern Europe.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNavigating the challenges of establishing a new residency program in anatomic pathology based on the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education International standards in the post-Soviet era Kazakhstan: strategies and successes.
Acad Pathol
April 2024
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Shadyside Hospital Pittsburgh PA, USA.
In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, newly independent Kazakhstan faced challenges of a healthcare system in transition. Anatomic pathology practice remains one of the least developed medical specialties in Kazakhstan. Acute shortage of pathologists is a universal phenomenon.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHistorical evolution of healthcare systems of post-soviet Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, and Azerbaijan: A scoping review.
Heliyon
April 2024
UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy.
This scoping review addresses the transformation and development of new healthcare systems in nine countries -Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan over the period following the collapse of the Soviet Union from 1991 to the present. This assessment focuses on maternal and child health, mental health, communicable diseases, and non-communicable diseases in an effort to highlight the changes in the healthcare status of these nine countries under scrutiny. Considering that all the post-Soviet nations are officially recognized members of the World Health Organization (WHO) and have demonstrated their commitment to attaining the WHO's objectives, the evaluation of healthcare system progress and improvement was carried out utilizing indicators provided by the WHO.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF[Psychiatric Rehabilitation in the GDR against the Background of Soviet Influences].
Psychiatr Prax
July 2024
Forschungsstelle für die Geschichte der Psychiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Leipzig Medizinische Fakultät, Leipzig.
The study describes developments and local models of psychiatric rehabilitation in the GDR and the USSR. After the Second World War patient care was focused on hospitals. The Rodewisch Theses and the Brandenburg Theses as well as the "Conception to improve the patient care for mentally ill people after 1980" were important suggestions.
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