Equations to predict nitrogen outputs in manure, urine and faeces from beef cattle fed diets with contrasting crude protein concentration.

Accurately predicting nitrogen (N) outputs in manure, urine and faeces from beef cattle is crucial for the realistic assessment of the environmental footprint of beef production and the development of sustainable N mitigation strategies. This study aimed to develop and validate equations for N outputs in manure, urine and faeces for animals under diets with contrasting crude protein (CP) concentrations. Measurements from individual animals (n = 570), including bodyweight, feed intake and chemical composition, and N outputs were (i) analysed as a merged database and also (ii) split into three sub-sets, according to diet CP concentration (low CP, 84-143 g/kg dry matter, n = 190; medium CP, 144-162 g/kg dry matter, n = 190; high CP, 163-217 g/kg dry matter, n = 190). Prediction equations were developed and validated using residual maximum likelihood analysis and mean prediction error (MPE), respectively. In low CP diets the lowest MPE for N outputs in manure, urine and faeces was 0.244, 0.594 and 0.263, respectively; diet CP-specific equations improved accuracy in certain occasions, by 4.9% and 18.3% for manure N output and faeces N output respectively, while a reduction by 5.7% in the prediction accuracy for urinary N output was noticed. In medium CP diets the lowest MPE for N outputs in manure, urine and faeces was 0.227, 0.391 and 0.394, respectively; diet CP-specific equations improved accuracy by 13.2%, 41.2% and 16.8% respectively. In high CP diets the lowest MPE for N outputs in manure, urine and faeces was 0.120, 0.154 and 0.144, respectively; diet CP-specific equations improved accuracy in certain occasions by 5.8%, 9.1% and 6.3% respectively. This study demonstrated that for improved prediction accuracy of N outputs in manure, urine and faeces from beef cattle, the use of dietary CP concentration is essential while dietary starch, fat, and metabolisable energy concentrations can be used to further improve accuracy. In beef cattle fed low CP concentration diets, using diet CP-specific equations improves prediction accuracy when feed intake or dietary CP concentration are not known. However, in beef cattle fed medium or high CP concentration diets, using equations that have been developed from animals fed similar CP concentration diets, substantially improves the prediction accuracy of N outputs in manure, urine and faeces in most cases.