AI Article Synopsis

  • Cigarette smoking negatively affects bone health by reducing bone mass and increasing the risk of fractures, with evidence linking it to osteoporosis and impaired bone healing.
  • The extent of fracture healing issues appears to correlate with the amount and duration of smoking, although the specific mechanisms behind this are not fully understood.
  • Smoking cessation is crucial for preventing bone-related diseases, but some harmful effects may persist for many years after quitting; thus, understanding smoking's impact on bone health is important for public health strategies.

Article Abstract

Cigarette smoking has a negative impact on the skeletal system, as it reduces bone mass and increases fracture risk through its direct or indirect effects on bone remodeling. Recent evidence demonstrates that smoking causes an imbalance in bone turnover, making bone vulnerable to osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Moreover, cigarette smoking is known to have deleterious effects on fracture healing, as a positive correlation between the daily number of cigarettes smoked and years of exposure has been shown, even though the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. It is also well known that smoking causes several medical/surgical complications responsible for longer hospital stays and a consequent increase in the consumption of resources. Smoking cessation is, therefore, highly advisable to prevent the onset of bone metabolic disease. However, even with cessation, some of the consequences appear to continue for decades afterwards. Based on this evidence, the aim of our review was to evaluate the impact of smoking on the skeletal system, especially on bone fractures, and to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the impairment of fracture healing. Since smoking is a major public health concern, understanding the association between cigarette smoking and the occurrence of bone disease is necessary in order to identify potential new targets for intervention.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8234270PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126629DOI Listing

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