Huanglongbing is a highly destructive citrus disease associated with " Liberibacter asiaticus" (Las), a phloem-limited and non-culturable bacterium, naturally transmitted by the psyllid Although diverse approaches have been used to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogen-host interaction, such approaches have focused on already infected and/or symptomatic plants, missing early events in the initial days post-inoculation. This study aimed to identify the time course of Las multiplication and whole-plant colonization immediately following inoculation by infected psyllids feeding for 2 days. Thus, the experimental approach was to track Las titers after psyllid inoculation in new shoots (NS) of (susceptible), (partially resistant), and (fully resistant). Soon after psyllid removal, Las titers dropped until the 10-12th days in all three species. Following this, Las titers increased exponentially only in × and , indicating active bacterial multiplication. In , Las reached a stationary phase at ∼5 log Las cells/g of tissue from the 40th day onward, while in , Las increased at a lower rate of up to ∼3 log Las cells/g of tissue between the 40th and 60th days, decreasing gradually thereafter and becoming undetectable from the 160th day onward. In , Las titers decreased from the start and remained undetectable. In , an average of 2.6 log of Las cells/g of tissue was necessary for Las to move out of 50% of the NS in 23.6 days and to colonize the rest of the plant, causing a successful infection. Conversely, the probability of Las moving out of the NS remained below 50% in and zero in . To our knowledge, this is the first study on Las dynamics and whole-plant colonization during the earliest stages of infection. Identification of critical time-points for either successful multiplication or Las resistance may help to elucidate initial events of Las-host interactions that may be missed due to longer sampling intervals and at later stages of infection.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.683923 | DOI Listing |
Lancet Infect Dis
November 2024
Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Background: Coadministration of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine with seasonal influenza or SARS-CoV-2 vaccines could reduce health-care visits and increase vaccination uptake in older adults who are at high risk for severe respiratory disease. The RSV mRNA-1345 vaccine demonstrated efficacy against RSV disease with acceptable safety in the ConquerRSV trial in adults aged 60 years and older. We aimed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1345 coadministered with a seasonal influenza vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
November 2024
Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
Assessment of immune correlates of severe COVID-19 has been hampered by the low numbers of severe cases in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy (VE) trials. We assess neutralizing and binding antibody levels at 4 weeks post-Ad26.COV2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRev Colomb Obstet Ginecol
September 2024
Unidad de Medicina Materno Fetal, Clínica Del Prado, Universidad CES. Medellín (Colombia); Fundared Materna. Bogotá (Colombia).
J Immunol Res
October 2024
Center of Molecular Immunology, 15th Avenue and 216 Street, Siboney, Playa, Havana, Cuba.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
August 2024
Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain.
This study evaluated titers and amplitudes of anti-E2 antibodies (anti-E2-Abs) and neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV; anti-HCV-nAbs) in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals over five years after successful HCV treatment completion. We retrospectively analyzed 76 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients achieving sustained virologic response post-HCV treatment. Plasma levels of anti-E2-Abs and anti-HCV-nAbs against five HCV genotypes (Gt1a, Gt1b, Gt2a, Gt3a, and Gt4a) were determined using ELISA and microneutralization assays, respectively.
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