Molecular Assessment of Pathotype Diversity of in Canada Highlights Declining Sources of Resistance in Soybean.

The large-scale deployment of resistance to () genes in soybean has led to the rapid evolution of the virulence profile (pathotype) of . populations. Determining the pathotypes of . isolates is important in selecting soybean germplasm carrying the proper , but this process is fastidious and requires specific expertise. In this work, we used a molecular assay to assess the pathotypes of . isolates obtained throughout the provinces of Québec, Ontario, and Manitoba. In preliminary assays, the molecular tool showed equivalent prediction of the pathotypes as a phenotyping assay and proved to be much faster to apply while eliminating intermediate values. Upon analysis of nearly 300 isolates, 24 different pathotypes were detected in Québec and Ontario, compared with only eight in Manitoba, where soybean culture is more recent. Pathotypes 1a, 1c, and 1d was predominant in Québec, while 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, and 1k pathotypes were the most common in Manitoba. Overall, the results showed that 98 and 86% of the isolates carried pathotype 1a or 1c, respectively, suggesting that and were no longer effective in Canada. Based on the history of soybean varieties used in surveyed fields, it was found that 84% of them contained genes that were no longer resistant against the pathotypes of the isolates found in the fields. While highlighting an easier and more precise option to assess pathotypes, this study presents the first pan-Canadian survey of . and stresses the importance of carefully managing the declining sources of resistance.