Genotyping alleles to predict the development of Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs): state-of-the-art.

Pharmacogenomics has great potential in reducing drug-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs). Pharmacogenomic studies have revealed an association between genes and SCARs including acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Pharmacogenomics-guided therapy could prevent severe drug hypersensitivity reactions. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC), and Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) provided guidelines in the translation of clinically relevant and evidence-based SCARs pharmacogenomics research into clinical practice. In this review, we intended to summarize the significant alleles associated with SCARs induced by different drugs in different populations. We also summarize the SCARs associated with genetic and non-genetic factors and the cost-effectiveness of screening tests. The effectiveness of screening on a wider scale in clinical practice requires significant resources, including state-of-the-art laboratory; multidisciplinary team approach and health care provider education and engagement; clinical decision support alert system via electronic medical record (EMR); laboratory standards and quality assurance; evidence of cost-effectiveness; and cost of pharmacogenomics tests and reimbursement.