Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Skull Base.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a crucial tool for evaluation of the skull base, enabling characterization of complex anatomy by utilizing multiple image contrasts. Recent technical MR advances have greatly enhanced radiologists' capability to diagnose skull base pathology and help direct management. In this paper, we will summarize cutting-edge clinical and emerging research MR techniques for the skull base, including high-resolution, phase-contrast, diffusion, perfusion, vascular, zero echo-time, elastography, spectroscopy, chemical exchange saturation transfer, PET/MR, ultra-high-field, and 3D visualization. For each imaging technique, we provide a high-level summary of underlying technical principles accompanied by relevant literature review and clinical imaging examples.