Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
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File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
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Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
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Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
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Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
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File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
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Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Function: require_once
It has been shown that 17β-estradiol (E2) hormone is an essential biological factor for increasing the sensitivity of women to drug abuse. Recent studies have shown a potential overlap between the molecular pathways of cannabinoids and ovarian hormones. The current study evaluated the interference between the marijuana and E2 effect on spatial learning and memory and the role of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30) in young female rats. The animals were separated into two main groups: intact-ovary and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The latter group received intraperitoneal injections of E2, G-1 (GPR30 agonist), G-15 (GPR30 antagonist), marijuana, and different combinations of these substances for 28 days. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. We also assessed the BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) concentration and the hippocampal level of GPR30. The results showed a significant reduction of spatial learning and memory in OVX rats compared to intact-ovary rats, which were restored by E2 replacement. Moreover, treatment with G-1 mimicked E2 effects on spatial learning and memory. Marijuana impaired spatial learning and memory in intact-ovary rats, while improved in OVX rats. We also found that treatment with M + E2 induced significant impairment in spatial learning and memory; however, treatment with M + G1 and M + G15 + E2 showed no significant difference. No significant differences in BDNF expression were observed in experimental groups. These results suggest that marijuana and E2 interact in their effect on spatial learning and memory in young female rats, but GPR30 seems to play no role in this interaction.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119723 | DOI Listing |
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