Concurrent Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Gambling Disorder.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) while patients are at rest can decrease craving in patients with substance-related and addictive disorders. Yet, the effects of tDCS on resting-state brain activity remain unknown in this population. This study examined the effects of tDCS on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) with concurrent stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with gambling disorder. This was a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. The anodal and cathodal electrodes were applied over the right and left DLPFC, respectively. Patients received 30 min of active and sham stimulation on separate days. rsFC was assessed before and during stimulation with seed-based analyses. There was a significant increase of rsFC between the right DLPFC seed and the right superior parietal lobule during active stimulation as compared to during sham stimulation ( = 0.0059, corrected for multiple comparisons). There was also a positive correlation between rsFC change of this frontoparietal network and brain volume of the right DLPFC ( = 0.0042, corrected for multiple comparisons). A single session of tDCS targeting the DLPFC strengthened functional connectivity in a frontoparietal circuit, known to be implicated in cognitive control, especially in patients with a greater volume of the region under the anode electrode. Impact statement Transcranial direct current stimulation increased the functional connectivity of a frontoparietal circuit in patients with gambling disorder. These changes were larger in patients with greater volume of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Transcranial direct current stimulation strengthened the connectivity of a brain network known to be associated with cognitive control.