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An updated review on synthetic cathinones. | LitMetric

An updated review on synthetic cathinones.

Arch Toxicol

UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Published: September 2021

AI Article Synopsis

  • Cathinone, the active compound in khat, resembles amphetamine and has stimulant effects, while synthetic derivatives emerged in the late 2000s, gaining popularity due to their initially legal status and easy availability.
  • As synthetic cathinones became popular, reports of health risks, including intoxications and fatalities, highlighted the dangers associated with their use, but regulatory efforts have struggled to keep up with the emergence of new variants.
  • This review covers synthetic cathinones' history, legal status, chemistry, effects on the body, adverse reactions, and neurotoxic mechanisms, emphasizing the need for more research to aid clinicians addressing these issues.

Article Abstract

Cathinone, the main psychoactive compound found in the plant Catha edulis Forsk. (khat), is a β-keto analogue of amphetamine, sharing not only the phenethylamine structure, but also the amphetamine-like stimulant effects. Synthetic cathinones are derivatives of the naturally occurring cathinone that largely entered the recreational drug market at the end of 2000s. The former "legal status", impressive marketing strategies and their commercial availability, either in the so-called "smartshops" or via the Internet, prompted their large spread, contributing to their increasing popularity in the following years. As their popularity increased, the risks posed for public health became clear, with several reports of intoxications and deaths involving these substances appearing both in the social media and scientific literature. The regulatory measures introduced thereafter to halt these trending drugs of abuse have proved to be of low impact, as a continuous emergence of new non-controlled derivatives keep appearing to replace those prohibited. Users resort to synthetic cathinones due to their psychostimulant properties but are often unaware of the dangers they may incur when using these substances. Therefore, studies aimed at unveiling the pharmacological and toxicological properties of these substances are imperative, as they will provide increased expertise to the clinicians that face this problem on a daily basis. The present work provides a comprehensive review on history and legal status, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects and lethality in humans, as well as on the current knowledge of the neurotoxic mechanisms of synthetic cathinones.

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Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03083-3DOI Listing

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