This article reconstructs the history of China's first successful cinchona cultivation programme in Hekou, Yunnan province from the 1930s to 1940s during the Nationalist era (1928-49). I argue that the Hekou programme was initiated by the Yunnan 'local developmental state' to control endemic malaria and achieve quinine self-sufficiency. It was expanded during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-45) as part of the national defence project in order to develop Yunnan's malaria-ridden southwest frontier to provide more resources for the war, as well as to solve broader wartime epidemic crises in southwest China. A closer examination also indicates that the development of the Hekou programme was closely intertwined with global networks of cinchona cultivation and international politics.
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