Detection of Beta-Lactam-Resistant and Toxigenic Strains in Wild Boars Foraging in an Anthropization Gradient.

Disease transmission among wild boars, domestic animals and humans is a public health concern, especially in areas with high wild boar densities. In this study, fecal samples of wild boars ( = 200) from different locations of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona were analyzed by PCR to explore the frequency of β-lactamases and extended cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance genes (ESBLs) in strains and the presence of toxigenic . The prevalence of genes conferring resistance to β-lactam antimicrobials was 8.0% (16/200): (3.0%), (2.5%), a (1.0%), (1.0%), (0.5%) and (0.5%). TcdA+ was detected in two wild boars (1.0%), which is the first report of this pathogen in wild boars in Spain. Moreover, the wild boars foraging in urban and peri-urban locations were more exposed to AMRB sources than the wild boars dwelling in natural environments. In conclusion, the detection of carrying ESBL/AmpC genes and toxigenic in wild boars foraging in urban areas reinforces the value of this game species as a sentinel of environmental AMRB sources. In addition, these wild boars can be a public and environmental health concern by disseminating AMRB and other zoonotic agents. Although this study provides the first hints of the potential anthropogenic sources of AMR, further efforts should be conducted to identify and control them.