Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Measured by B-Mode Ultrasound to Assess and Monitor Obesity and Cardio-Metabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents.

Monitoring of children at heightened risk of cardio-metabolic diseases raises the need for accurate assessment of obesity. A standardized approach for measuring subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) by bright-mode ultrasound was evaluated in relation to body indices and anthropometry in a cross-sectional sample of 76 South African children (7-10 years) and 86 adolescents (13-17 years) to assess cardio-metabolic risk. SAT was higher in girls as compared to boys (children: 50.0 ± 21.7 mm > 34.42 ± 15.8 mm, adolescents: 140.9 ± 59.4 mm > 79.5 ± 75.6 mm, < 0.001) and up to four times higher in adolescents than in children. In children, measures of relative body weight showed only a poor correlation to SAT (BMI: r = 0.607, < 0.001), while in adolescents, BMI correlated high with SAT (r = 0.906, < 0.001) based on high rates of overweight and obesity (41.8%). Children with identical BMIs may have large differences (>2-3-fold) in their amount of SAT. The moderate association to systolic (r = 0.534, r = 0.550, < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.402, r = 0.262, < 0.001) further substantiates that SAT measured by ultrasound provides an accurate, safe and easy applicable approach for monitoring in children and adolescents at cardio-metabolic risk.