Occurrence of spp. in Man-Made Water Sources: Isolates Distribution and Phylogenetic Characterization in the Emilia-Romagna Region.

species distribution in the Emilia-Romagna region, involving hospital (H) and community (C) environments, was conducted. culture, agglutination test, and -gene sequencing were applied on 240 isolates. The analysis showed a higher prevalence of non- (n-) species (84.1%) compared with () (15.9%), with a higher frequency of n- with respect to species in both environments (77.6% and 96.4%, in H and C, respectively). The Shannon index showed a significant difference in distribution ( = 0.00017), with a significant abundance of in the H compared with C environment ( = 0.00028). The continuous disinfection treatment in H could contribute to adaptive survival of the species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a conservative clade distribution between H and C: clade with three subclades in C and the clade with five subclades in H and two in C, respectively. Our findings suggest the importance of surveillance both in H and C, with a focus on n- species less connected to human disease. The prevalence and diversity found here indicate that geographical and temporal isolate evolution should be considered during surveillance, particularly in the light of global warming and changes in population risk factors.