Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Introduction: This multiyear, cross-sectional study explores the changes over time in how U.S. middle- and high-school students perceive the harm and addiction risk of E-cigarettes.
Methods: This study analyzed 83,779 participants in the National Youth Tobacco Survey from 2015 to 2019. Associations of survey year with perceived harm and addiction risk of E-cigarettes were assessed using multivariable multinomial logistic regression models, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics.
Results: Smoking decreased over the 5 years (-1.85 percentage points, p=0.07); vaping increased (9.03 percentage points, p<0.01). Perceived harm of both combustible cigarettes and E-cigarettes increased with time. Male, older, and non-White students perceived less harm from smoking or vaping. Perceptions of the addictiveness of E-cigarettes increased over time: 26.31% of students considered E-cigarettes to be more addictive than combustible cigarettes in 2019, compared with 7.26% in 2016. Female and non-White students were more likely to think that E-cigarettes were at least as addictive as combustible cigarettes but also reported less knowledge about them.
Conclusions: The perceptions of both harm and addictiveness of E-cigarettes have increased over time, independent of current use. Perceptions vary on the basis of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and current use. Efforts should be made to further educate adolescents about E-cigarettes and to regulate their sale and advertisement. Efforts to reduce the uptake of combustible cigarettes among adolescents have been successful and should be duplicated for E-cigarettes.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.03.006 | DOI Listing |
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