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Anthropogenic influences on Zambian water quality: hydropower and land-use change. | LitMetric

Anthropogenic influences on Zambian water quality: hydropower and land-use change.

Environ Sci Process Impacts

Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. and Department of Surface Waters, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institution of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.

Published: July 2021

AI Article Synopsis

  • The Zambezi River Basin is experiencing rapid development and population growth, leading to concerns about surface water quality due to agricultural and urban changes as well as hydropower dam construction.
  • A study conducted in Zambia in 2018 and 2019 revealed that while major rivers like the Zambezi and Kafue are relatively clean, they suffer from thermal changes and sediment loss below dams, while smaller tributaries show signs of pollution linked to human land use.
  • The findings highlight a need for proactive measures by governments and industries to invest in sustainable practices like wastewater treatment and environmental protections to address and mitigate potential water quality degradation.

Article Abstract

The Zambezi River Basin in Southern Africa is undergoing rapid development and population growth. Agricultural intensification, urbanization and future development of hydropower dams will likely lead to a degradation of surface water quality, but there have been few formal assessments of where, how and why these changes impact specific water quality parameters based on in situ data spanning a large region. We sampled a large suite of biogeochemical water quality parameters at 14 locations in four field campaigns in central and southern Zambia in 2018 and 2019 to characterize seasonal changes in water quality in response to large hydropower dams and human landscape transformations. We find that the major rivers (Zambezi and Kafue) are very clean with extremely low concentrations of solutes, but suffer from thermal changes, hypoxia and loss of suspended sediment below dams. Smaller tributaries with a relatively large anthropogenic landcover footprint in their catchments show signs of pollution in the form of higher concentrations of nutrients and dissolved ions. We find significant relationships between crop and urban land cover metrics and selected water quality metrics (i.e. conductivity, phosphorus and nitrogen) across our data set. These results reflect a very high-quality waterscape exhibiting some hotspots of degradation associated with specific human activities. We anticipate that as agricultural intensification, urbanization and future hydropower development continue to accelerate in the basin, the number and extent of these hotspots of water quality degradation will grow in response. There is an opportunity for governments, managers and industry to mitigate water quality degradation via investment in sustainable infrastructure and practice, such as wastewater treatment, environmental dam operations, or riparian protection zones.

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Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1em00006cDOI Listing

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