Genome-Centric Metatranscriptomics Analysis Reveals the Role of Hydrochar in Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Activated Sludge.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of waste activated sludge (WAS) has been widely used, while it poses problems including low methane yield and production rate. Hydrochar is produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass; however, little is known about the role of hydrochar in promoting AD of WAS. The present study showed that hydrochar increased the methane production rate by 30.8% and yield by 31.4% of hydrothermal pretreated dewatered WAS. Hydrochar increased the methane production rate and yield by enhancing the acidification and methanogenesis processes. Genomic-centric metatranscriptomics were used to identify the metabolic activities and transcriptomic response of individual metagenome-assembled genomes that were enriched by hydrochar. Although sp. FDU0106 had been shown unable to used H, it had the complete pathway for the reduction of CO to methane. sp. FDU0164 expressed genes for extracellular electron transfer via electrically pili, suggesting that sp. FDU0164 and sp. FDU0106 were exchanging electrons via direct interspecies electron transfer. The expression of pili was decreased, indicating that hydrochar could replace its roles. Additionally, sp. FDU0048, sp. FDU0082, and FDU0089 were related to the degradation of organics, which could be related to the enhanced methane yield.