Calcaneus fracture in a Middle Holocene individual from the eastern Pampa-Patagonian transition (Argentina).

Calcaneus fractures are scarcely reported in archaeological assemblages worldwide. The main goal of this paper is to present a study case related to a calcaneus fracture and a set of bone lesions recorded in an adult individual dated in the Middle Holocene (ca. 6000-3000 years BP). This individual was part of a hunter-gatherer society that inhabited the eastern Pampa-Patagonian transition (lower basin of Colorado river, Argentina). The individual was recovered at Tres Bonetes 1 site (TB1-E1). The causes of the injury and the stress it could have had generated in the individual are discussed. Macroscopic analysis and radiographic images were carried out and several bone alterations were detected (27.1%; 19/70). The lesions were located in the right ankle joint linked to an intra-articular calcaneus fracture. The main cause may have been a fall from height. The remodeled new bone formation indicates that the individual survived the stress event, but several sectors of the skeleton (e.g., spine, shoulders) were affected. The original morphological structure of the calcaneus was not restored and probably caused joint instability that affected the biomechanical behavior of the ankle. The individual must have suffered acute and severe pain and need help, care and assistance from other people.