Herein, Na and Ca are introduced to MnO through cation-exchange method. The presence of Na and Ca significantly enhance the catalytic activity of MnO in toluene oxidation. Among them, the Ca-MnO catalyst exhibits the best catalytic activity (T = 194°C, T = 215°C, E = 57.2 kJ/mol, reaction rate 8.40 × 10 mol/(sec⋅m) at 210°C. T and T: the temperature of 50% and 90% toluene conversion; E: apparent activation energy) and possess high tolerance against 2.0 vol.% water vapor. Results reveal that the increased acidic sites of the MnO sample can enhance the adsorption of gaseous toluene, and the mobility of oxygen species and the content of reactive oxygen species in the catalyst are significantly improved due to the formed oxygen vacancy. Thus these two factors result in excellent catalytic performance for toluene oxidation combining with the weak CO adsorption ability.
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