Excessive Nitrogen Fertilization Favors the Colonization, Survival, and Development of via Bottom-Up Effects.

Fertilization can trigger bottom-up effects on crop plant-insect pest interactions. The intensive use of nitrogen fertilizer has been a common practice in rice production, while the yield has long been challenged by the white-backed planthopper, (Horváth). High nitrogen fertilization can facilitate infestation, however, how nitrogen fertilizer leads to high infestation and the nutritional interactions between rice and are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the effects of various levels of nitrogen fertilizer application (0-350 kg/ha) on rice, and subsequently on performance. We found that higher nitrogen fertilizer application: (1) increases the preference of infestation behaviors (feeding and oviposition), (2) extends infestation time (adult lifespan), and (3) shortens generation reproduction time (nymph, pre-oviposition, and egg period), which explain the high infestation ratio on rice paddies under high nitrogen conditions. Moreover, high nitrogen fertilizer application increased all tested rice physical indexes (plant height, leaf area, and leaf width) and physiological indexes (chlorophyll content, water content, dry matter mass, and soluble protein content), except for leaf thickness, which was reduced. Correlation analysis indicated that the specific rice physical and/or physiological indexes were conducive to the increased infestation behavior preference, extended infestation time, and shortened generation reproduction time of . The results suggested that nitrogen fertilizer triggers bottom-up effects on rice and increases populations. The present study provides an insight into how excess nitrogen fertilization shapes rice-planthopper interactions and the consequent positive effect on infestation.