Proteomic Investigation of Glyceraldehyde-Derived Intracellular AGEs and Their Potential Influence on Pancreatic Ductal Cells.

Glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer. Accumulation of intracellular AGEs could stimulate cancer induction and facilitate cancer progression. We evaluated the toxic effect of glyceraldehyde-derived intracellular AGEs on normal and malignant pancreatic ductal cells by assessing the cell viability, toxicity, and oxidative stress, followed by proteomic analysis. Our functional studies showed that pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2) were more resistant to glyceraldehyde treatment compared to normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (HPDE), while cytotoxicity effects were observed in all cell types. Furthermore, using C isotopic labeled glyceraldehyde, the proteomic data revealed a dose-dependent increment of the number of glycation adducts in both these cell types. HPDE cells showed a higher number of intracellular AGEs compared to cancer cells. At a molecular level, the glycations in the lysine residues of proteins showed a concurrent increase with the concentration of the glyceraldehyde treatment, while the arginine glycations appeared to be less affected by the glyceraldehyde doses. Further pathway analysis of these glycated proteins suggested that the glycated proteins participate in important biological processes that are major hallmarks of cancer initiation and progression, including metabolic processes, immune response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and S100 protein binding.