Evidence for Range Expansion and Origins of an Invasive Hornet (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in Taiwan, with Notes on Its Natural Status.

The invasive alien species (IAS) is the first reported hornet that has established in Taiwan and is concerning as they prey on honeybee , which leads to colony losses and public concerns. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the current status of abundance, dispersal, and impact and to trace the origins of Taiwan's population. Our studies took place in five areas in northern to central Taiwan. We used mtDNA in the phylogenetic analyses. Field survey and ecological niche modeling (ENM) were used to understand the origins and current range of the invasive species. Two main subgroups of in the phylogenetic tree were found, and a clade with short branch lengths in Southeastern China and Taiwan formed a subgroup, which shows that the Taiwan population may have invaded from a single event. Evidence shows that is not a severe pest to honeybees in the study area; however, using ENM, we predict the rapid dispersion of this species to the cooler and hilly mountain areas of Taiwan. The management of should also involve considering it a local pest to reduce loss by beekeepers and public fear in Taiwan. Our findings highlight how the government, beekeepers, and researchers alike should be aware of the implications of 's rapid range expansion in Taiwan, or in other countries.