Stocks of Cowdria ruminantium from Senegal, Zambia and South Africa were compared in cross immunity tests in goats. The Senegal stock caused fatal heartwater in three of 10 goats immune to the South African reference stock Ball 3, and five others showed significant febrile reactions and recovered spontaneously. Four goats immune to the Senegal stock did not show any reaction on challenge with Ball 3. The stock from Zambia was fully cross-protective with Ball 3 in experiments with three goats, but these three goats, immune to the Zambia stock and to Ball 3, showed severe febrile responses upon further challenge with the Senegal stock. The Senegal stock was highly virulent for Dutch goats and there were exceptionally large numbers of rickettsiae in brain capillaries after death. This stock has been passaged eight times in mice, without causing disease; the presence of the organism in the mice was shown by subinoculating goats. The Senegalese stock of C ruminantium is the first stock outside South Africa against which the reference Ball 3 stock does not fully immunise.
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