This review considers the reasons for, and research governing, the regulation and monitoring of genetically engineered micro-organisms and viruses (GEMs) released into the environment. The hazards associated with releasing GEMs into the environment are the creation and evolution of new pests and diseases, and damage to the ecosystem and non target species. The similarities and differences between GEMs and conventional micro-organisms are discussed in relation to risk assessment. Other issues covered include the persistence of micro-organisms in the environment, transgene dispersal to non-engineered microbes and other organisms, the effects of transgenes and transformation on fitness, and the evolution of pests and pathogens that are given or acquire transgenes. Areas requiring further research are identified and recommendations for risk assessment made. CONTENTS Summary 173 I. Introduction 173 II. A comparison of genetically engineered micro-organisms and viruses and conventional micro-organisms 174 III. Persistence in the environment 175 IV. Transfer of transgenes to other species 176 V. The evolution of genetically engineered micro-organisms and viruses and natural micro-organisms acquiring transgenes 178 VI. Damage to non-target species and ecosystem function 178 VII. Influences on the evolution of other organisms 179 VIII. Conclusions and discussion 180 References 181.
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