Many students struggle to understand the sometimes counterintuitive and complicated organization of the retina. As soon as they begin to grasp these complex relationships, we add another confusing concept: the organization of receptive fields of individual ganglion cells. Publishers provide figures in textbooks and videos, but like many topics in physiology, students may learn more effectively using hands-on models. This article provides instructions for building a three-dimensional model of a single retinal receptive field using inexpensive craft supplies. In alignment with the principles of universal design, this model will make the material easier to comprehend and more accessible to learners of all abilities. This activity provides a framework for students to begin exploring the structures and functions of cells of the retina and the organization of receptive fields in the visual system and provides a foundation for explaining other types of sensory systems.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00156.2020 | DOI Listing |
Viruses
January 2025
State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, City District Serpukhov, Moscow Region, 142279 Obolensk, Russia.
is a widely distributed nosocomial pathogen that causes various acute and chronic infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In this study, the activities of the K9-specific virulent phage AM24 and phage-encoded depolymerase DepAPK09 were assessed using in vivo mouse sepsis and burn skin infection models. In the mouse sepsis model, in the case of prevention or early treatment, a single K9-specific phage or recombinant depolymerase injection was able to protect 100% of the mice after parenteral infection with a lethal dose of of the K9-type, with complete eradication of the pathogen.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFViruses
December 2024
School of Medicine, Tzuchi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
Background: Psoriasis patients who are seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) face an elevated risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) when treated with cytokine inhibitors. This study aims to elucidate the risk in this population.
Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted to assess the risk of HBVr in 73 psoriasis patients treated with cytokine inhibitors from 2013 to 2023.
Viruses
December 2024
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
Coliphage N4 is a representative species of the family of bacteriophages. Originally structurally studied in 2008, the capsid structure was solved to 14 Å to reveal an interesting arrangement of Ig-like decoration proteins across the surface of the capsid. Herein, we present a high-resolution N4 structure, reporting a 2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPharmaceutics
January 2025
College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
/: Inhaler devices have been developed for the effective delivery of inhaled medications used in the treatment of pulmonary diseases. However, differing operating procedures across the devices can lead to user errors and reduce treatment efficacy, especially when patients use multiple devices simultaneously. To address this, we developed a novel dry powder inhaler (DPI), combining fluticasone propionate (FP), salmeterol xinafoate (SX), and tiotropium bromide (TB) into a single device designed for bioequivalent delivery compared to existing commercial products in an animal model.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPharmaceutics
January 2025
Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain.
Background/objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) holds the third and second position among cancers affecting men and women, respectively. Frequently, the first-line treatment for metastatic CRC consists of the intravenous administration of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in combination with oxaliplatin or irinotecan. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models (PBPK) aim to mechanistically incorporate body physiology and drug physicochemical attributes, enabling the description of both systemic and organ drug exposure based on the treatment specificities.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!