Assessing Vaccine Protection for Older Adults with Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

Immunosenescence and comorbidities increase the susceptibility of older adults with diabetes mellitus (DM) to vaccine-preventable diseases, hospitalization, disability, or death. This systematic review synthesizes research on protecting older adults with DM during pandemics, exploring vaccine safety, tolerance, and vaccination uptake by older adults in anticipation of seasonal influenza outbreaks during the current COVID-19 threat. Addressed were: (a) age-related factors influencing the effectiveness of vaccines against infectious disease in older adults; (b) vaccine safety, tolerance, effectiveness for older persons with DM; and (c) issues affecting older adults accepting immunization recommendations. Medline and CINAHL databases yielded 214 studies with 43 meeting inclusion criteria (32 descriptive and 11 controlled trials). Findings show altered glycemic control stimulates proinflammatory mediators, increasing infection risk, vaccines, and annual revaccinations safely reduce hospitalization rates, mortality outcomes, without affecting glycemic control. However, vaccines fail to evoke optimal antibody responses in older adults. Unawareness, fear of side effects, tend to lower vaccination participation.