Three species of the lichen ( (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Zahlbr. and Stirt.) and nine associated endolichenic fungi (ELF) were evaluated using a metabolomics approach. All investigated lichen crude extracts afforded antibacterial activity against (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): 0.0625 mg/mL), but none was observed against , while the ELF extract was found to be the most active against (MIC: 2.5 mg/mL) and (MIC: 5 mg/mL). was fractionated and tested for to determine its antibacterial activity. Fractions XvFr1 to 5 displayed bioactivities against both test bacteria. Selected crude extracts and fractions were subjected to metabolomics analyses using high-resolution LC-MS. Multivariate analyses showed the presence of five secondary metabolites unique to bioactive fractions XvFr1 to 3, which were identified as responsible for the antibacterial activity of The -values of these metabolites were at the margin of significance level, with methyl xylariate C (P_60) being the most significant. However, their high variable importance of projection (VIP) scores (>5) suggest these metabolites are potential diagnostic metabolites for for "dual" bioactivity against and The statistical models also showed the distinctiveness of metabolites produced by lichens and ELF, thus supporting our hypotheses of ELF functionality similar to plant endophytes.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10030191 | DOI Listing |
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