Branched silicones possess interesting properties as oils, including their viscoelastic behavior, or as precursors to controlled networks. However, highly branched silicone polymers are difficult to form reliably using a "grafting to" strategy because functional groups may be bunched together preventing complete conversion for steric reasons. We report the synthesis of vinyl-functional highly branched silicone polymers based, at their core, on the ability to spatially locate functional vinyl groups along a silicone backbone at the desired frequency. Macromonomers were created and then polymerized using the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction with dialkoxyvinylsilanes and telechelic HSi-silicones; molecular weights of the polymerized macromonomers were controlled by the ratio of the two reagents. The vinyl groups were subjected to iterative (two steps, one pot) hydrosilylation with alkoxysilane and Piers-Rubinsztajn reactions, leading to high molecular weight, highly branched silicones after one or two iterations. The vinyl-functional products can optionally be converted to phenyl/methyl-modified branched oils or elastomers.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060859 | DOI Listing |
Front Microbiol
December 2024
Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Granada, Spain.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) represents a symbiotic mutualistic association between most land plants and fungi. AM fungi develops specialized intraradical and highly branched structures, called arbuscules, where bidirectional exchange of nutrients between plant and fungi partners occurs, improving plant growth and fitness. Transcriptional reprogramming and hormonal regulation are necessary for the formation of the arbuscules.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVirus Evol
December 2024
Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
Wild birds are important hosts of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and play an important role in their ecology. The emergence of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5N1 (Gs/GD) lineage marked a shift in IAV ecology, leading to recurrent outbreaks and mortality in wild birds from 2002 onwards. This lineage has evolved and diversified over time, with a recent important derivative being the 2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Pharm Biomed Anal
December 2024
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China. Electronic address:
Carbohydrates are essential biomolecules that play a vital role in various biological processes across humans, plants, and bacteria. Despite their ubiquity, the structural elucidation of carbohydrates, particularly oligo- and polysaccharides, remains a significant challenge due to their complex and heterogeneous nature. The high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) or called ion chromatography (IC) coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) has emerged as a powerful tool for highly effective separation and highly specific detection of glycans.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPoult Sci
December 2024
Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. Electronic address:
The highly virulent genotype fowl adenovirus 4 (FAdV-4), associated with severe hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS) in poultry from China, is characterized by a large deletion of 1966 bp (1966-del), including losses of ORF19 and ORF27. However, how this virus originated remains unclear. In this study, a novel FAdV-4 strain, HNU-XXY-2019, from diseased chickens, which has a genome size of 45669 bp and is approximately 1966 bp longer than the known FAdV-4 genome from China, was isolated and characterized.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Appl Glycosci (1999)
November 2024
1 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kagoshima University.
The branched structure of amylose was probed using concanavalin A (ConA) lectin, which forms precipitable aggregates with highly branched glucans, such as glycogen and amylopectin. Rice (japonica cultivar) amylose was fractionated from de-fatted, gelatinized starch by precipitation with 1-butanol (BuOH) and purified by ultracentrifugation and repeated crystallization. The purified amylose still has short side chains, whose chain-length (CL) distribution resembles that of amylopectin.
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