Severity: Warning
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Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
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File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Function: require_once
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Filename: Session/Session.php
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File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Function: require_once
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 249
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 249
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
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Function: require_once
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Filename: models/Detail_model.php
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Function: strpos
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Function: insertAPISummary
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Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
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Function: str_replace
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Function: formatAIDetailSummary
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Message: Undefined array key "choices"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 256
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 256
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Function: require_once
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 256
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 256
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 256
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Message: Undefined array key "usage"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 257
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 257
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Message: Undefined array key "usage"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 258
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Function: _error_handler
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Message: Undefined array key "usage"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Message: Undefined array key "usage"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
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Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
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Function: file_get_contents
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Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
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Function: pubMedSearch_Global
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Background: Socioeconomic factors may be involved in risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), either indirectly or as confounding factors. In this study two comprehensive indicators reflecting socioeconomic differences, including the Human Development Index (HDI) and Prosperity Index (PI), were used to assess the impact of these factors on the worldwide distribution of MS.
Methods: The data for this global ecological study were obtained from three comprehensive databases including the Global Burden of Disease (as the source of MS indices), United Nations Development Programme (source for HDI) and the Legatum Institute Database for PI. MS indices (including prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years) were all analyzed in the form of age- and sex-standardized. Correlation and regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between HDI and PI and their subsets with MS indices.
Results: All MS indices were correlated with HDI and PI. It was also found that developed countries had significantly higher prevalence and incidence rates of MS than developing countries. Education and governance from the PI, and gross national income and expected years of schooling from the HDI were more associated with MS. Education was significantly related to MS indices (p < 0.01) in both developed and developing countries.
Conclusion: In general, the difference in income and the socioeconomic development globally have created a landscape for MS that should be studied in more detail in future studies.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8015140 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02170-3 | DOI Listing |
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