Effects of heat stress on photosystem II activity and antioxidant enzymes in two maize cultivars.

The main reason for the maize genotype "DKC7221" to be heat tolerant is to have higher photosynthetic activity under heat stress conditions. The genotype "P3167" is sensitive to high temperature because of the heat-induced inhibition in photosynthetic electron transport reactions. In the present study, the effect of heat stress (45 ºC for 20 min) on some physiological changes was investigated through a chlorophyll afluorescence technique, and some endogenous resistance mechanisms (activities of some antioxidant enzymes, free proline, and reduced ascorbate contents) in two maize cultivars (Zea mays L. cvs. P3167 and DKC7221). Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements demonstrated that heat stress led to the reduction in the efficiency of the Hill reaction, accumulation of inactive reaction centers, inhibition of electron flow from reaction centers to the plastoquinone pool, and induction of non-photochemical dissipation of absorbed light energy. Changes in Φo/(1 - Φo), SFI and PI indicated that electron transport reactions in P3167 were almost completely inhibited by heat stress. In DKC7221, however, photosynthetic electron transport reactions were maintained under heat stress conditions. As a result of impairment in the photosynthetic efficiency in P3167 under heat stress, oxidative stress appeared as shown by lower antioxidant activity, accumulation of HO, malondialdehyde, and formazon and photooxidative injuries in chlorophyll pigments in the leaf tissue. DKC7221, on the other hand, had a higher antioxidant efficiency and lower oxidative damage under heat stress. FeSOD activity was found to be responsible for the dismutation of superoxide radicals in both maize genotypes under heat stress. As a result, it may be concluded that the genotype DKC7221 is more tolerant to heat stress than P3167.