Anti-, Cytotoxicity, Phytotoxicity, and Anticancer Studies on Burum. f. (Rutaceae) Leaves.

Background: Burum. f. has long been applied in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various disorders like rhinitis, headache, cough, wound healing, fever, and detoxification. This study is aimed at investigating the antibacterial activity against ATCC 49532 using AlamarBlue assay and atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as the cytotoxicity, anticancer, and phytotoxicity of . .

Method: Bacterial cell viability was performed by using microplate AlamarBlue assay. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine morphological changes in the surface of bacterial cells. Cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity were determined by brine shrimp lethality and bioassay. Caco-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) cell line was used for the evaluation of the anticancer effects.

Result: Among the fractions tested, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction was found to be active with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 750 g/mL against . , but other fractions were found to be insensitive to bacterial growth. Microscopically, the EA fraction-treated bacteria showed highly damaged cells with their cytoplasmic content scattered all over. The LC value of the EA fraction against brine shrimp was more than 1000 g/mL showing the nontoxic nature of this fraction. Chloroform (CH), EA, and methanol (MOH) fractions of . were highly herbicidal at the concentration of 1000 g/mL. EA inhibited Caco-2 cell line with an IC of 20 g/mL.

Conclusions: This study is the first to reveal anti-. property of EA fraction of . leaves, natural herbicidal, and anticancer agents thus highlight the potential compound present in its leaf which needs to be isolated and tested against multidrug-resistant . .