Burr-Hole Evacuation of an Acute Epidural Hematoma using the Artemis Neuroevacuation Device With Flexible Endoscopic Visualization: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Minimally invasive (MIS) endoscopic burr-hole evacuation of both acute and subacute subdural hematomas (SDHs) has been demonstrated as a way to avoid large craniotomies and additional morbidity, particularly for patients who are poor surgical candidates. Although generally safe and effective, there are risks of complications including SDH recurrence or new hemorrhage including epidural hematoma (EDH). Acute intraparenchymal hemorrhage has also been successfully treated using MIS endoscopic techniques with the assistance of aspiration devices; however, acute EDHs generally still necessitate a craniotomy for evacuation, nullifying many of the advantages of burr-hole craniostomy. In this surgical video, we demonstrate-to our knowledge-the first case of endoscopic burr-hole evacuation of an acute EDH using an Artemis Neuro Evacuation device (Penumbra, Alameda, CA). We present the case of a 40 year-old man with a left anterior middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst who developed a traumatic left subacute SDH and hemorrhage into the cyst. He underwent burr-hole craniostomy for endoscopic evacuation of subacute SDH, evacuation of hemorrhage within the cyst, and fenestration of arachnoid cyst. On postoperative day 2, he developed an acute left EDH with midline shift. An Artemis device was inserted into 1 of the pre-existing burr-holes and used to evacuate the acute EDH with direct visualization from a flexible endoscope inserted into the second burr-hole. The patient did well, was discharged 2 days later, and demonstrated complete resolution of hemorrhage 5 weeks post-procedure. The video also provides a brief background on arachnoid cysts, their association with hemorrhage, and MIS techniques for hemorrhage evacuation. There is no identifying information in the video. The patient provided informed consent for both procedures (Video 1).