Nivolumab for the treatment of esophageal cancer.

: Esophageal cancer (EC) is the seventh most common cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The prognosis for advanced EC patients remains poor and there are few effective therapeutic agents available. Nivolumab is a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that exerts antitumor activity by inhibiting the interaction of programmed cell death protein 1 on activated lymphocytes with its ligands. Nivolumab monotherapy showed significant benefit for overall survival of patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) relative to taxane as a second-line treatment. Additionally, adjuvant nivolumab monotherapy showed significant disease-free survival benefit relative to placebo for resectable EC patients with residual pathologic disease who had received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery.: Here, we provide an overview of checkpoint blockade with nivolumab and present the available clinical data related to its use in EC.: Nivolumab should be the standard second-line treatment for advanced ESCC patients and possibly adjuvant treatment of choice after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. Trials assessing efficacy of a combination of cytotoxic agents and nivolumab as first-line treatment, nivolumab-containing chemoradiotherapy, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy are ongoing. These trials should result in improved protocols for better clinical outcomes in EC.