Media influence components as predictors of children's body image and eating problems: A longitudinal study of boys and girls during middle childhood.

Body image problems are reported during middle childhood and are associated with exposure to appearance-focused media. This longitudinal study investigated the extent to which three media influence components, Awareness, Pressure, and Internalization of media ideals, predict body image and eating problems in children and whether gender moderates this effect. A total sample of N = 688 participants (46 % girls, aged 8-11 at T1) was studied. Self-report questionnaires were administered on the media influence components, body image and eating problems at T1 and T2 (1 year later). After controlling for age, adjusted body mass index and baseline levels of body image and eating problems, results show that media influence components significantly predicted Restraint and Concerns about Eating, Weight, and Shape one year later. Awareness, however, uniquely predicted increases in Eating Concerns in boys, while Pressure predicted increases in Concerns on Eating, Weight, and Shape in girls only. The current results indicate that media influences, some of which may be gender-specific risk factors, predict subsequent body image concerns of girls and boys during middle childhood. Thus, both boys and girls should be addressed in future research and prevention programs.