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Mixing indistinguishable systems leads to a quantum Gibbs paradox. | LitMetric

Mixing indistinguishable systems leads to a quantum Gibbs paradox.

Nat Commun

School of Mathematical Sciences and Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

Published: March 2021

AI Article Synopsis

Article Abstract

The classical Gibbs paradox concerns the entropy change upon mixing two gases. Whether an observer assigns an entropy increase to the process depends on their ability to distinguish the gases. A resolution is that an "ignorant" observer, who cannot distinguish the gases, has no way of extracting work by mixing them. Moving the thought experiment into the quantum realm, we reveal new and surprising behaviour: the ignorant observer can extract work from mixing different gases, even if the gases cannot be directly distinguished. Moreover, in the macroscopic limit, the quantum case diverges from the classical ideal gas: as much work can be extracted as if the gases were fully distinguishable. We show that the ignorant observer assigns more microstates to the system than found by naive counting in semiclassical statistical mechanics. This demonstrates the importance of accounting for the level of knowledge of an observer, and its implications for genuinely quantum modifications to thermodynamics.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7935879PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21620-7DOI Listing

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