Severity: Warning
Message: fopen(/var/lib/php/sessions/ci_session6cb3l89ke1nk5vefgod7jkmjtquga2s0): Failed to open stream: No space left on device
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 177
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: session_start(): Failed to read session data: user (path: /var/lib/php/sessions)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 137
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@remsenmedia.com&api_key=81853a771c3a3a2c6b2553a65bc33b056f08&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 197
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 197
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 271
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3145
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Macrophages are one of the major targets of (HIV-1) and play crucial roles in viral dissemination and persistence during AIDS progression. Here, we reveal the dynamic podosome-mediated entry of HIV-1 into macrophages. Inhibition of podosomes prevented HIV-1 entry into macrophages, while stimulation of podosome formation promoted viral entry. Single-virus tracking revealed the temporal and spatial mechanism of the dynamic podosome-mediated viral entry process. The core and ring structures of podosomes played complex roles in viral entry. The HIV coreceptor, CCR5, was recruited to form specific clusters at the podosome ring, where it participated in viral entry. The podosome facilitated HIV-1 entry with a rotation mode triggered by dynamic actin. Our discovery of this novel HIV-1 entry route into macrophages, mediated by podosomes critical for cell migration and tissue infiltration, provides a new view of HIV infection and pathogenesis, which may assist in the development of new antiviral strategies.Macrophages are motile leukocytes and play critical roles in HIV-1 infection and AIDS progression. Podosomes, as small dynamic adhesion microdomains driven by the dynamic actin cytoskeleton, are mainly involved in cell migration of macrophages. Herein, we found that HIV-1 uses dynamic podosomes to facilitate its entry into macrophages. Single-virus imaging coupled with drug assays revealed the mechanism underlying the podosome-mediated route of HIV-1 entry into macrophages, including the dynamic relationship between the viral particles and the podosome core and ring structures, the CCR5 coreceptor. The dynamic podosome-mediated entry of HIV-1 into macrophages will be very significant for HIV-1 pathogenesis, especially for viral dissemination via macrophage migration and tissue infiltration. Thus, we report a novel HIV-1 entry route into macrophages mediated by podosomes, which extends our understanding of HIV infection and pathogenesis.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8139672 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02480-20 | DOI Listing |
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!