Salvia castanea (Family Labiatae), a perennial fragrant herb with castaneous flowers, is mainly distributed in areas with an altitude of 2500-3750 m. The roots of this plant were used as a tea drink by local residents to strengthen physical health. The aim of present study was to acquire secondary metabolites of the ethanol extract obtained from the whole plant of S. castanea and to evaluate their potential anti-Alzheimer's disease. Six new sesquiterpene lactones, salcastanins A-F (1-6), together with three known guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids nubiol (7), nubdienolide (8), and nubenolide (9), were separated from the whole plant of S. castanea. The structures of these compounds were determined by HRESIMS and NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of 1-6 were ascertained by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiments. The humanized Caenorhabditis elegans AD pathological model was used to evaluate anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activities of 1-9. The results showed the compounds 1-3 and 7 significantly delayed AD-like symptoms of worm paralysis phenotype, which could be used as novel anti-AD candidates.
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