Background: Volleyball players as overhead athletes have the highest risk of developing scapular dyskinesis. The kinetic chain exercise-approach has gained a lot of attention because of its claims to provide an improved motor control and scapular kinematics. A form of cross exercise, known as mirror therapy, may enhance the effects of a kinetic-chain-approach on scapular posture, upper and lower limb performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the adjunctive benefits of mirror cross education in a kinetic chain approach, in volleyball athletes with SD.
Methods: Thirty-nine professional volleyball athletes were randomly assigned to three groups of 13 each, two experimental, the mirror cross education and kinetic chain approach, and one control. Both experimental groups performed a kinetic chain approach program, however, the mirror cross education group performed the exercise program with the addition of two mirrors that allowed athletes to observe their opposite non-dyskinetic scapula. Scapular posture asymmetries in cm, the Y-Balance and the Upper-Quarter Y-Balance after normalizing by limb length the reach distance in each direction, were assessed before and after performing each intervention for 6 weeks.
Results: 3×2 two-way Mixed ANOVAs detected significant interactions on scapular posture (P=0.001) on both experimental groups when compared with the control. The Y-Balance and the Upper Quarter Y-Balance scores at both mirror cross education and kinetic chain approach groups showed significant differences when compared with the control (P<0.05). Overall, variables showed significant superiority of the mirror cross education group.
Conclusions: The Mirror-Cross-Education demonstrated significant effects in scapular posture and in the functional balance tests of volleyball athletes with scapular dyskinesis.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.21.12174-7 | DOI Listing |
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Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia.
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Tokyo College, U-Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Mitsui Link Lab Kashiwanoha 1, FS CREATION, 6-6-2 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
The control of the sequential self-assembly processes of highly entangled (AgL) (n=2,4,6,8) and AgL coordination polyhedra using side-chain effects was studied via the introduction of linear or branched side chains into the tripodal ligands. In addition to changes in the intermediate polyhedral species affording the multi- pathway process, disruption of the kinetic control of the sequential self-assembly was observed, thus demonstrating the utility of steric control for the construction of 3D-entangled molecular materials on the 5 nm scale with high molecular complexity.
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