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<PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM" IndexingMethod="Automated"><PMID Version="1">33602284</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2021</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>14</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2024</Year><Month>08</Month><Day>06</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1479-5876</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>19</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>18</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of translational medicine</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Transl Med</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Translational stem cell therapy: vascularized skin grafts in skin repair and regeneration.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>83</StartPage><MedlinePgn>83</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">83</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s12967-021-02752-2</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The skin is made up of a plethora of cells arranged in multiple layers with complex and intricate vascular networks, creating a dynamic microenvironment of cells-to-matrix interactions. With limited donor sites, engineered skin substitute has been in high demand for many therapeutic purposes. Over the years, remarkable progress has occurred in the skin tissue-engineering field to develop skin grafts highly similar to native tissue. However, the major hurdle to successful engraftment is the incorporation of functional vasculature to provide essential nutrients and oxygen supply to the embedded cells. Limitations of traditional tissue engineering have driven the rapid development of vascularized skin tissue production, leading to new technologies such as 3D bioprinting, nano-fabrication and micro-patterning using hydrogel based-scaffold. In particular, the key hope to bioprinting would be the generation of interconnected functional vessels, coupled with the addition of specific cell types to mimic the biological and architectural complexity of the native skin environment. Additionally, stem cells have been gaining interest due to their highly regenerative potential and participation in wound healing. This review briefly summarizes the current cell therapies used in skin regeneration with a focus on the importance of vascularization and recent progress in 3D fabrication approaches to generate vascularized network in the skin tissue graft.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Phua</LastName><ForeName>Qian Hua</ForeName><Initials>QH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Han</LastName><ForeName>Hua Alexander</ForeName><Initials>HA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Soh</LastName><ForeName>Boon-Seng</ForeName><Initials>BS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-9134-3081</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore. bssoh@imcb.a-star.edu.sg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore. bssoh@imcb.a-star.edu.sg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>18</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>J Transl Med</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101190741</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1479-5876</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D062028" MajorTopicYN="Y">Bioprinting</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D064987" MajorTopicYN="N">Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012038" MajorTopicYN="N">Regeneration</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012867" MajorTopicYN="N">Skin</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D023822" MajorTopicYN="N">Tissue Engineering</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D054457" MajorTopicYN="N">Tissue Scaffolds</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014945" MajorTopicYN="N">Wound Healing</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">3D bioprinting</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Engineered skin graft</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Skin regeneration</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Stem cells</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Vascularization</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>7</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>11</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>42</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pmc-release"><Year>2021</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>18</Day></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33602284</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7891016</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1186/s12967-021-02752-2</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">10.1186/s12967-021-02752-2</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Chen L, Xing Q, Zhai Q, Tahtinen M, Zhou F, Chen L, et al. 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