Nonequilibrium temperature, entropy production, and bulk viscosity of one-dimensional normal shock waves.

The nonequilibrium temperature in the kinetic theory of gases is reexamined and an alternative definition of the temperature in terms of the local equilibrium distribution function is proposed. The alternative definition introduces a new physical quantity, 'exoenergy,' which represents the nonequilibrium nature of thermodynamic systems. The internal energy equation is split into two equations, the temperature equation and the exoenergy equation. In order to rationalize the equation splitting, the nonequilibrium thermodynamics is considered introducing the nonequilibrium entropy phenomenologically. The proposed temperature equation resolves the overshooting anomaly of temperature profiles of the Monte Carlo data for one-dimensional normal shock waves. The exoenergy equation makes the theory self-consistent and gives the entropy production of shock waves in closed form. The theory gives a general form of the shock wave equation and the general relation of the bulk viscosity to the shear viscosity and the heat conductivity of dilute monatomic gases.