Drug repositioning based on similarity constrained probabilistic matrix factorization: COVID-19 as a case study.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a massive health crisis worldwide and upended the global economy. However, vaccines and traditional drug discovery for COVID-19 cost too much in terms of time, manpower, and money. Drug repurposing becomes one of the promising treatment strategies amid the COVID-19 crisis. At present, there are no publicly existing databases for experimentally supported human drug-virus interactions, and most existing drug repurposing methods require the rich information, which is not always available, especially for a new virus. In this study, on the one hand, we put size-able efforts to collect drug-virus interaction entries from literature and build the Human Drug Virus Database (HDVD). On the other hand, we propose a new approach, called SCPMF (similarity constrained probabilistic matrix factorization), to identify new drug-virus interactions for drug repurposing. SCPMF is implemented on an adjacency matrix of a heterogeneous drug-virus network, which integrates the known drug-virus interactions, drug chemical structures, and virus genomic sequences. SCPMF projects the drug-virus interactions matrix into two latent feature matrices for the drugs and viruses, which reconstruct the drug-virus interactions matrix when multiplied together, and then introduces the weighted similarity interaction matrix as constraints for drugs and viruses. Benchmarking comparisons on two different datasets demonstrate that SCPMF has reliable prediction performance and outperforms several recent approaches. Moreover, SCPMF-predicted drug candidates of COVID-19 also confirm the accuracy and reliability of SCPMF.