Does rTMS Targeting Contralesional S1 Enhance Upper Limb Somatosensory Function in Chronic Stroke? A Proof-of-Principle Study.

Background: Somatosensory deficits are prevalent after stroke, but effective interventions are limited. Brain stimulation of the contralesional primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is a promising adjunct to peripherally administered rehabilitation therapies.

Objective: To assess short-term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting contralesional (S1) of the upper extremity.

Methods: Using a single-session randomized crossover design, stroke survivors with upper extremity somatosensory loss participated in 3 rTMS treatments targeting contralesional S1: Sham, 5 Hz, and 1 Hz. rTMS was delivered concurrently with peripheral of sensory electrical stimulation and vibration of the affected hand. Outcomes included 2-point discrimination (2PD), proprioception, vibration perception threshold, monofilament threshold (size), and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP). Measures were collected before, immediately after treatment, and 1 hour after treatment. Mixed models were fit to analyze the effects of the 3 interventions.

Results: Subjects were 59.8 ± 8.1 years old and 45 ± 39 months poststroke. There was improvement in 2PD after 5-Hz rTMS for the stroke-affected ((2, 76.163) = 3.5, = .035) and unaffected arm ((2, 192.786) = 10.6, < .0001). Peak-to-peak SEP amplitudes were greater after 5-Hz rTMS for N33-P45 ((2, 133.027) = 3.518, = .032) and N45-P60 ((2, 67.353) = 3.212, = .047). Latencies shortened after 5-Hz rTMS for N20 ((2, 69.64) = 3.37, = .04), N60 ((2, 47.343) = 4.375, = .018), and P100 ((2, 37.608) = 3.537, = .039) peaks. There were no differences between changes immediately after the intervention and an hour later.

Conclusions: Short-term application of facilitatory high-frequency rTMS (5Hz) to contralesional S1 combined with peripheral somatosensory stimulation may promote somatosensory function. This intervention may serve as a useful adjunct in somatosensory rehabilitation after stroke.