Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Aims: This study aimed to determine the possible clinical and histological periodontal effects of long-term coca leaf chewing habit in habitants of the highland region of Peru.
Materials And Methods: A total of 100 residents, were recruited for the study. Fifty individuals were habitual coca leaf chewers and 50 were non-users. Eligibility criteria were: 60-80 years old, ≥20 teeth present (excluding third molars), systemically healthy (controlled systemic disease), not using medication affecting the gingiva. Chronic tobacco smokers were excluded. All participants completed questionnaires, received clinical periodontal examination, and had gingival biopsies harvested for histopathological assessment.
Results: Most coca leaf chewers reported several oral changes resulting from the habit, such as bitterness, numbness and mouth dryness, while none of the non-chewers reported experiencing such changes. Within the clinical periodontal parameters, it was found that there was a significant difference in terms of clinical attachment level loss, with a p value of 0.014 in those who chewed coca leaves, who appeared to have less clinical attachment loss.
Conclusions: Chewing coca leaf produce bitterness, numbness and mouth dryness, and clinical attachment loss. Histologically higher number of inflammatory cells in the stratum spinosum, with more acanthosis, clear cell, and higher number of blood vessels.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!